There are several theories and debates in defining intelligence. Some psychologists would say there is general intelligence while others suggest there is multiple intelligence. Proponents of having general intelligence Charles Spearman states that there is a general cognitive ability or the g factor that governs an individual’s performance in different mental aptitude tests. This general cognitive ability can be measured and numerically expressed. However, Louis Thurnstone identified seven different primary mental abilities while Howard Gardner advocates multi intelligence theory by having eight distinct types of intelligence based on skills and abilities.
Two different researchers also identified different components of intelligence that are worth nothing. Robert Sternberg focuses on just three main components- 1. practical intelligence – the street smarts that have the ability to adapt and shape one’s environment; 2. experiential intelligence- the ability to deal with different situations; and 3. Cognitive intelligence – the ability to process information effectively. David Perkins’ Theory of Intelligence based on a large number of research studies presented three major components or dimensions – 1. Neural intelligence – refers to how efficient and precise is one’s neurological system; 2. Experiential intelligence- refers to the accumulation of knowledge and experience; and 3. Reflective intelligence – refers to one ability to attack problems, for learning and addressing challenging tasks using broad based strategies, self control and self monitoring.
There is substantial evidence that supports each theory. However, I will use Perkins’s theory as my guide in understanding intelligence. Aside from numerous research and programs to support his theory, it also addresses the influence of nature and nurture in intelligence. I don’t believe that intelligence is something an individual is born with although it is vital to have the biological capacity- or in Perkin’s theory – the neurological system. This is where nature – the mother’s health is important for the child’s development and intelligence. Consequently – neural intelligence can be maintained and nurtured or increased with use. Perkin’s theory also supports the significant contribution of educators. Educators can facilitate the use of the learner’s neural intelligence by providing learning resources and activities that support development of mental structures. Contributions of educators to experience intelligence can be by providing an experience rich learning environment to encourage accumulation of knowledge and experience. By equipping and supporting the learners with the right mind sets like growth mindset can help in the development of reflective intelligence.
With various definitions and analysis of the different theories of intelligence, we can easily be disoriented and focused on their limitations. Perhaps, one way to look at it is which one can guide me as a learner and as an educator. By then I will understand my roles, my contribution and my impact to intelligence.
Charry's Teaching Odyssey 